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Economic recession dries up the cash flows and causes liquidity problems for the businesses. Cash collection period increases, and there is a heavy pressure on the working capital cycle of the company. If these issues continue for a longer duration, the solvency of the business collapses leading to wind up.

Economic downturns are inevitable in today’s unpredictable world of business. Factors like sky inflation, unpredictable expenses, and rising labor costs make it difficult for businesses to manage and forecast the cash flow

During a recession, businesses may face cash flow problems as it becomes harder for them to make timely payments. As consumer spending decreases, profits also decline and, in turn, causes delays in paying suppliers. 

In order to survive, businesses need to cut overhead costs, reduce the range of products and services, and decrease the amount spent on advertising. Recession leads to a decrease in the value of stocks and other assets. It gets quite difficult for businesses to borrow money due to strict lending requirements and higher interest rates.

Which industries get most affected by recession?

  • Cash Dependent – Businesses that rely on a steady cash flow for daily operations, such as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), are highly at risk during a recession. Revenue disruptions can quickly lead to liquidity crises.
  • Retailers – Retailers are impacted during a recession because consumers spend less, and so the cash flow decreases.
  • Restaurants – Restaurants and bars face significant declines in cash flow as consumers cut back on dining out.
  • FMCG – The Fast-Moving Consumer Goods sector tends to be more resilient during recessions because it deals with essential goods like food, beverages, toiletries, and household items. 
  • Consumer Goods – The demand for non-essential consumer goods significantly declines as people reduce spending and shoppers prioritize essential items over luxury or non-urgent purchases. 
  • Service Based – Service-based industries are often significantly affected by recessions for a few reasons. They tend to be more sensitive to changes in consumer and business spending. During a recession, consumers tend to reduce spending on non-essential services such as dining out, travel, entertainment, personal care (e.g., spas and beauty treatments), and luxury goods.
  • Hospitality and Leisure – Hospitality and leisure sectors suffer the most during a recession. People cut back on vacations, hotels, and entertainment, opting for cheaper alternatives or staying home.
  • Manufacturing – Manufacturing tends to slow during recessions due to reduced demand for goods, especially in sectors such as automobiles, heavy equipment, and consumer electronics. Companies may reduce production, lay off workers, or delay capital expenditures.   
  • Education – During economic downturns, education is generally more stable compared to other sectors. However, private institutions and non-essential training programs may experience decreased enrollments. On the other hand, public education and essential training programs usually remain steady, while post-secondary institutions may observe higher enrollment as individuals aim to enhance their job opportunities.
  • Travel and Airlines – The travel and airline industries suffer during economic downturns, with a significant decrease in both leisure and business travel. This leads to reduced ticket demand, resulting in flight cancellations, route reductions, and layoffs for airlines.
  • Construction – Construction is greatly affected by economic cycles. Both commercial and residential construction projects frequently slow down or halt completely during a recession because of reduced investment and financing challenges. However, public infrastructure projects may continue due to government funding and initiatives.

Tips on Managing Cash during Recession

Opt for Zero Base Budgeting

Businesses opting for zero-based budgeting during a recession can be an effective strategy for managing their finances, controlling costs, and ensuring resources are allocated efficiently. Zero-based budgeting requires businesses to build their budget from scratch, justifying every expense as it helps businesses cut unnecessary expenses and prioritize essential spending during economic downturns. 

Zero-based budgeting forces businesses to review all expenses and justify their necessity, making it easier to identify and eliminate unnecessary or non-essential costs. 

Zero-based budgeting gives businesses greater control over cash flow because it requires a detailed evaluation of every expense as it enables better allocation of funds to high-priority areas while ensuring that cash flow is maintained. 

Cash is King, Don’t Sell on Credit

Selling on credit during economic downturns can be risky, as businesses face a higher likelihood of delayed payments or defaults. So, in order to tighten credit terms or eliminate them, customers must pay upfront or on delivery. 

Businesses should provide lower pricing or special offers to customers who pay upfront in cash, as this encourages immediate payments and ensures liquidity. The faster you invoice, the sooner you can expect payment, so businesses should automate the invoicing process to ensure there are no delays in sending out bills.

Reassess your Expenses and Increase your Savings

Businesses should start by reviewing their profit and loss statements, balance sheets, and cash flow to identify areas of unnecessary spending and eliminate or reduce spending on non-core activities such as office perks, non-critical travel, and luxury upgrades. If you have employees working remotely or extra space, consider downsizing or subleasing parts of your office to reduce rent costs.

Businesses can offer part-time, freelance, or remote work options to reduce payroll expenses. During the recession, every business should prioritize marketing efforts that bring the best return on investment (ROI), such as targeted digital advertising, email marketing, or referral programs.

Short Working Capital Cycle

Businesses need to shorten their working capital cycle during a recession, and this can be achieved by focusing on efficient inventory management, effective accounts receivable and payable processes, and improved cash flow forecasting. These strategies can help enhance liquidity, reduce financial stress, and maintain operational stability even in challenging economic conditions.

A short working capital cycle is crucial for businesses during a recession because it ensures that cash flows quickly through the business, reducing the risk of liquidity issues. To achieve this, inventory turnover rates should be analyzed, and excess stock should be reduced to free up cash. Businesses should implement just-in-time (JIT) inventory practices to minimize holding costs and avoid overstocking. Using electronic invoicing can speed up the process and reduce administrative time. Regularly update cash flow forecasts to anticipate cash needs and manage working capital effectively. 

Optimize Debt Collection

Optimizing debt collection during a recession is crucial for maintaining cash flow and ensuring business stability. There are times when customers may delay or default on payments due to financial strain, so businesses should identify customers with the largest outstanding balances and focus collection efforts there. Recovering significant amounts from large accounts can have a bigger impact on cash flow.

Businesses should reach out to customers before their payment due dates with friendly reminders, reinforcing the importance of timely payments. Businesses should allow customers to pay in smaller, manageable installments rather than requiring full payment upfront. Flexible payment plans can make it easier for customers to pay off their debts gradually, increasing the chance of recovery.

Invoice Factoring

During a recession, invoice factoring can be a useful strategy for businesses to maintain liquidity, improve cash flow, and avoid taking on debt. Businesses should carefully evaluate the costs, customer credit risk, and the terms of factoring agreements to ensure it’s the right solution for their specific financial situation.

It provides immediate cash for operational needs without the burden of traditional loans, helping businesses survive economic downturns while still meeting financial obligations. Businesses can use the immediate cash from invoice factoring to cover operational expenses such as rent, utilities, inventory purchases, and employee salaries. This liquidity is especially crucial during a recession when maintaining regular cash flow is more difficult.

During a recession, customers may delay payments due to their financial difficulties, extending payment terms from 30 or 60 days to 90 days or longer, but invoice factoring allows businesses to receive most of the invoice amount immediately, preventing cash flow issues caused by slow-paying clients. 

Don’t Take Loans/Debt During Recession

Businesses should avoid taking any loans or debt during the recession in order to protect themselves from economic instability. By avoiding debts, businesses can maintain financial flexibility, minimize risk, and concentrate on sustaining cash flow and operational efficiency. 

Economic downturns often persist longer than anticipated, and if a company incurs debt in the hopes of quickly recovering, it may find it difficult to make payments on time. It is preferable to exercise caution and avoid taking on obligations that can impede long-term rehabilitation.

Opt for performance marketing rather than physical marketing

During a recession, businesses can benefit from performance marketing by maximizing their return on investment, targeting the right audience with precision, and adapting quickly to changing market conditions, all while minimizing costs and risks associated with traditional physical marketing.

Performance marketing enables businesses to retarget visitors who have interacted with their website or content but haven’t converted, providing another opportunity to close the sale and make marketing more effective. Performance marketing allows businesses to quickly adapt to changing market conditions, economic trends, or consumer behavior by launching new promotions or pivoting messaging to reflect current customer needs, something physical marketing cannot do.

Use automation and AI

Automation and AI enable businesses to adapt quickly to changing market conditions, making them more agile and resilient during tough economic times. AI can detect patterns of fraudulent activity in real time, helping businesses protect themselves from financial losses. 

Utilizing automation and AI during a recession can help businesses increase efficiency, reduce costs, and stay competitive in a challenging economic environment. AI-driven CRM systems such as Salesforce and HubSpot automate lead scoring, follow-ups, and task reminders, helping sales teams focus on high-value opportunities and close deals faster.

Keep a check on Accounts Receivable

Businesses should always ensure a timely collection of receivables in order to maintain healthy cash flow into the business. They can offer great deals such as additional discounts for early payments and closely monitoring overdue invoices. To prevent payment delays, businesses can automate reminders and follow-ups. 

It is crucial for businesses to closely manage their accounts receivable and encourage timely payments in order to improve cash flow and maintain financial stability during a recession. The key strategies for minimizing payment delays include offering early payment incentives, automating reminders, and enforcing strong credit policies. Every business should keep a close eye on accounts receivable in order to prevent cash flow disruptions and ensure the business can navigate through the challenging economic climate.

Opt for Cloud based software

During a recession, businesses can opt for cloud-based software solutions, which can be an effective strategy to achieve this. Cloud-based software eliminates the need for expensive on-premise servers and hardware. Businesses can operate on a subscription-based model, paying only for what they use.

Cloud services provide flexible pricing models, which enable businesses to adjust their resources based on their current needs. This allows companies to pay only for the resources they use without having to commit to unused capacity. Cloud-based solutions typically operate on a subscription basis (monthly or yearly), providing more predictability and manageability for cash flow, especially during economic downturns. 

Opt for subscription softwares/services

Businesses should go ahead with subscription-based software instead of purchasing software. The subscription model offers monthly and annual costs, supporting the businesses in budgeting. 

Subscription software usually includes automatic updates, maintenance, and customer support, eliminating the need for additional costs for upgrades or system maintenance. This reduces IT expenditures and ensures that the software remains up to date. Subscription software gives access to premium tools that are out of reach if purchased outright. This allows businesses to leverage advanced tools and features without the heavy investment, improving productivity without straining budgets.

Subscription software usually includes customer support, allowing companies to concentrate on their core business activities without having to manage software or deal with technical issues. This is particularly helpful for businesses during a recession.

Layoffs (Inefficient and Duplicate of work)

Layoffs during a recession may be necessary to reduce costs, especially when there are inefficiencies and duplications in the workforce. By conducting a thorough audit, streamlining roles, utilizing technology, and maintaining transparency, businesses can manage layoffs in a way that improves efficiency and positions the company for long-term survival and success.

Layoffs should be strategic as it helps the business to target the areas where automation or restructuring can replace the manual work.

Utilize freelancers

Businesses should hire freelancers instead of full-time employees to lower fixed costs during a recession. Freelancers can work remotely, eliminating the requirement for office space, utilities, and equipment and reducing overhead expenses.

Freelancers often offer specialized expertise that may not be available in-house, enabling businesses to finish projects without the need to invest in expensive training or hiring new employees. This access to a wide talent pool can be crucial during a recession when resources are limited. 

Freelancers offer flexibility, enabling businesses to adjust their workforce based on project needs. This is especially valuable during economic downturns when business demand fluctuates and hiring permanent staff may not be practical. Freelancers help businesses access a diverse global talent pool, which is particularly useful during a recession when specific skill sets are not available locally or when companies need to adapt to new market demands.

Get less inventory: JIT , EOQ, ABC Costing

Businesses can follow techniques like Just-in-Time (JIT), Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Activity-based costing. Using these techniques will reduce inventory holding costs by receiving goods only when needed by the business. Businesses can also use mathematical formulas to find the optimal order quantity that minimizes the ordering and holding costs. Along with that to avoid excess inventory, businesses should focus on high-value items and carefully manage low cost items.

Pay per project  or milestone based 

Businesses should opt for pay-per-project or milestones during a recession because it provides flexibility, cost control, and risk reduction. 

Always ensure that each milestone or project has clearly defined deliverables, timelines, and performance expectations as this avoids misunderstandings and ensures that payments are tied to specific outcomes. For large projects, break them into smaller, manageable milestones. This helps businesses to track progress and ensures that payments are tied to incremental success, reducing the financial risk of project delays or underperformance.

It supports companies in managing their cash flow more effectively by prioritizing the most critical tasks. By clearly defining project goals, deliverables, and payment structures, businesses can ensure that they only pay for work that creates value, making it an ideal strategy during economic uncertainty.

Optimize Your Customer Invoicing

Businesses should optimize customer invoicing during the recession as it improves cash flow and ensures financial stability. Businesses can offer discounts or incentives for early payments, encouraging customers to pay sooner.

Businesses can set automated payment reminders to ensure that customers are regularly notified about upcoming and overdue payments, reducing the chance of missed or delayed payments.

Businesses can reduce the payment terms, which can help businesses get paid faster, and offer a variety of payment options that make it easier for customers to pay on time. By accepting credit cards, digital wallets, and online bank transfers, businesses can remove barriers that may delay payment.

Leverage tax advantages

During a recession, businesses can benefit from tax advantages to cut costs, boost cash flow, and maintain financial stability. By making use of available credits, deductions, and deferrals, and by managing income and expenses strategically, businesses can navigate tough economic times while reducing their tax burden.

It’s advisable for businesses to work with a tax advisor or accountant to make sure they take full advantage of these opportunities and don’t miss out on important tax savings during a recession.

By carefully tracking and maximizing deductible business expenses, businesses can lower their taxable income, which in turn reduces their overall tax burden. By deferring income to a later tax year and accelerating deductible expenses into the current year, businesses can lower their current tax liability. 

Communication between teams & partners

 Businesses must maintain clear, open, and frequent communication between teams and partners. Transparent messaging fosters trust, helps teams stay aligned with strategic priorities, and encourages collaboration and innovation. Effective communication can also boost morale, reduce anxiety, and ensure that everyone is working toward common goals, making it a vital tool for navigating economic uncertainty. By leveraging digital tools, promoting transparency, and focusing on solutions, businesses can create a resilient communication strategy that helps them weather the storm of a recession.

During a recession, businesses need to be more resourceful, and effective communication between departments is essential for fostering collaboration. Cross-functional collaboration can help generate new ideas for cost-saving measures, innovation, or process improvements.

Communication during a recession should focus on more than problems but also on solutions. A business needs to encourage a culture where employees and partners feel empowered to suggest ideas for cost savings, efficiency improvements, or new revenue streams that can lead to innovation.

Seek a Business Loan or Line of Credit

 During recessions, many businesses face cash flow shortages because of slower sales, delayed payments from customers, or higher operational costs. A loan or line of credit can offer the necessary funds to cover expenses such as payroll, rent, or inventory. Businesses can also use these financial options to refinance existing high-interest debt into more favorable terms, reducing their monthly payments and improving cash flow.

By strengthening the financial records, building strong relationships with lenders, and exploring all financing options, businesses can improve their chances of securing the funding needed to navigate through the recession successfully. Lenders become more conservative during recessions, increasing their scrutiny of a business’s creditworthiness. They may require higher credit scores, more collateral, or stricter terms.

Diversify your investments

Diversifying investments and revenue helps businesses reduce their dependence on a single source of income and become more resilient to economic challenges. Businesses can begin by introducing complementary products or services that align with their current offerings. 

Businesses can explore opportunities to expand into untapped markets, either domestically or internationally, as this might involve customizing products for new customer demographics or targeting industries that are less affected by economic downturns. Businesses should begin by upgrading their digital infrastructure, such as enhancing their e-commerce platform, improving cybersecurity, or utilizing cloud computing for greater flexibility and cost savings.

How does a recession impact cash flow?

During recessions, consumer spending decreases, which decreases demand for businesses’ products and services. When sales decrease, the inflow of cash diminishes. Companies face declining revenues and find it difficult to meet fixed expenses like rent, debt payments, and payroll, leading to liquidity challenges. 

When a recession occurs, businesses may have less cash to service their debt, leading to limited cash reserves for operational expenses. Even banks and financial institutions tend to tighten lending standards, making it more difficult for businesses to access credit. Businesses that depend on lines of credit or loans for working capital face liquidity issues when they need access to additional funds.

Unsold inventory in industries like manufacturing and retail can tie up cash that could be used for operational expenses, during recession. Businesses experiencing cash flow difficulties may delay payments to suppliers to save funds.

Businesses frequently fire employees or implement other cost-cutting strategies during a recession to conserve money. Although this may provide immediate financial relief, it affects the company’s long-term growth and staff morale. During a recession, businesses usually cut back on spending on projects, new facilities, and equipment to conserve money. 

In the end, if a company is unable to solve its cash flow and liquidity problems during a recession, it may end up insolvent or declare bankruptcy.

Understanding how cash flow works during a recession is crucial for businesses to take proactive steps, such as increasing cash reserves, obtaining financing before it’s necessary, and cutting operational expenses early to fight the economic downturn.

Case Studies and Examples

  • In 2008, during the financial crisis, Lehman Brothers, one of the world’s largest investment banks, experienced a significant decrease in asset values, resulting in substantial losses. As its revenues decreased, Lehman was unable to meet its liquidity needs and eventually filed for bankruptcy, which had a significant impact on the overall financial crisis.
  • Toys “R” Us filed for bankruptcy in 2017 when they were struggling financially for years but got hit hard by liquidity problems in 2017. The company delayed payments to suppliers to preserve cash, which led to suppliers losing confidence in the business. As a result, some suppliers cut off their deliveries, worsening the company’s cash flow.
  • Tesla faced liquidity issues in 2017 due to challenges in ramping up the production of the Model 3. Although the Tesla plant did not close permanently, there were shutdowns and cash flow issues that nearly crippled the company. Tesla had negative free cash flow for at least five consecutive quarters (from Q1 2017 to Q1 2018). Tesla had to raise capital through multiple rounds of financing to stay afloat and avoid bankruptcy.

Conclusion

For small businesses to survive a recession and weather an economic downturn, cash flow management is critical.

Retail, hotel, and luxury services are among the industries most impacted by recessions. Therefore, they need to exercise extra caution when it comes to managing cash. Every business should always keep an eye on receivables, cost reduction, cash flow forecasting, and cash reserve preservation so firms can more adeptly maneuver through the arduous obstacles of a recession. Small firms that practice effective cash management can remain resilient and be better positioned for growth and recovery when the economy improves.